2016年6月30日-7月6日湖北省暴雨天气过程气象服务总结与启示

2016年6月30日-7月6日湖北省出现梅雨期的第4轮强降水,是入梅以来最强的降水过程,此轮降水高强度、影响重.深入分析此次过程预报预警服务、应急联动等环节的工作及效果,认为此次过程预报准确,预警及时,暴雨灾害应急启动早,部门联动响应快,社会媒体高度参与,尽量将暴雨灾害降到最低,赢得了社会各界及广大民众的肯定,可为以后的气象服务提供参考.     

早熟高产耐寒杂交水稻新组合民优93的选育

为促进水稻新品种的育成,实现贵州水稻生产上新老品种的更替,贵州省水稻研究所用自育恢复系黔恢93与福建省农业科学院水稻所选育的不育系民源A组配育成杂交水稻新组合民优93。经贵州省2012—2013年杂交水稻区域试验鉴定,该组合平均单产9.43t/hm~2,比对照香早优2017增产9.85%,2年共16个点(次)中15增1减,增产点率94%;经2013年生产试验鉴定,平均单产9.09t/hm~2,比对照平均增产5.96%;其稻瘟病抗性、耐寒性均明显优于对照香早优2017。民优93于2014年6月通过贵州省农作物品种审定委员会审定(黔审稻2014010号),适宜贵州省中高海拔籼稻区种植。     

基于土壤侵蚀模型的浅层滑坡预警研究

[目的]利用土壤侵蚀模型进行浅层滑坡的预警研究,为山区滑坡预警预报工作提供参考。[方法]选取陕西省紫阳县境内440km~2区域作为典型研究区,在已有历史滑坡资料、气象资料和卫星资料的基础上,基于土壤侵蚀模型(USLE),并结合地理信息系统(GIS),确定滑坡临界土壤侵蚀强度,再根据降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的关系,推求滑坡点的预警降雨量。[结果]土壤侵蚀强度与滑坡的发生存在较好的相关性,研究区域滑坡预警的临界土壤侵蚀强度按等级分别为69.6,136.7,179.4t/km~2。[结论]相比以往仅仅统计滑坡与降雨之间关系的传统方法,基于土壤侵蚀模型的方法考虑更全面,也易于实现。     

Can nutritional status of apple trees be determined by leaf analysis in early vegetation?

In this study, whether the nutritional status of apple trees can be predicted in the early stages of vegetation was determined by leaf analysis. For this purpose, from different districts of Isparta province in Turkey where apples are cultivated extensively, 150 apple orchards were assessed according to the production potential of districts. The leaf samples were collected at six different stages of vegetation from these orchards, and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and boron (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B) amounts were determined. Correlations were examined between the sixth period and the previous periods. The presence of significant correlations was interpreted, as leaf analysis can be used to determine the nutritional status of apples in the early growth period. Consequently, it was determined that leaf analysis can be carried out at any time from the beginning of vegetation for all elements except Fe and Cu.     

Genotypic differences in growth,yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat cultivars in response to long-term soil fertility regimes

Determining genotypic responses to soil fertility may assist selection of cultivars that can be adapted to varied soil fertility regimes, and such selection under field conditions is still limited. A two-year field experiment was conducted in long-term field trials to investigate wheat genotype effects on early growth, yield and nutrient accumulation as affected by varied long-term soil fertility managements and nitrogen (N) fertilization. Results show that the early growth, grain yield and nutrient accumulation of spring wheat plants were strongly affected by soil fertility managements and genotypes. Early shoot and root biomass of singly grown plants and leaf canopy growth under standard growth density was associated with subsequent grain yield of plants under standard growth density across the gradient in soil fertility levels. Taifun and Thasos had stable higher yield and N and phosphorus (P) uptake across varied soil fertility regimes compared with other genotypes. Økilde, however, increased yield by 8–34% and N and P accumulation by 1–22% only when grown in the high organic manure treatment compared with other genotypes, indicating that it is more adapted to high organic fertility regimes. Therefore, the different responses and adaptations of genotypes to soil fertility regimes should be included during selection of cultivars.     

等养分条件下稻草还田替代双季早稻氮钾肥比例的研究

【目的】研究等量氮磷钾养分投入条件下,长期稻草原位全量还田配施化肥对双季早稻氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 养分吸收累积、转运及养分利用的影响,为南方稻区稻草资源有效利用,维持并提高土壤肥力及水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以江西温圳国家级耕地质量监测点长期定位试验为研究对象,陆两优 996 为供试材料,在不施化肥和施用化肥基础上设稻草还田、稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田共 6 个处理,除空白对照外,所有处理养分投入量相等。于 2015 年在早稻移栽期、分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期和成熟期取地上部植株样,分析水稻植株不同部位的 N、P、K 含量和累积量以及转运比例,并计算 N、P、K 养分利用效率。【结果】稻草还田提高了水稻产量,施肥条件下稻草还田处理比稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理平均增产 2.9%～ 6.4%,比不施肥区产量增幅高达 23.8%～ 26.0%,且差异达显著水平。无论是施肥区处理,还是无肥区处理,与稻草烧灰还田和稻草不还田处理相比,稻草还田植株中 K 含量及 N、P、K 积累量在整个生育期均较高,而 N、P 含量在生育后期较高,N、P、K 积累量以施肥区处理大于相应的无肥区处理;稻草还田提高水稻 N、P、K 养分农学效率、回收率和养分偏生产力,且 N、K 差异达显著水平,同时显著增加 K 的收获指数;稻草还田还提高了抽穗至成熟期茎鞘中 N、P、K 的转运量、转运率及转移养分对籽粒的贡献率,而叶片各处理间差异不显著。【结论】稻草还田配施化肥能提高水稻产量,同时还可以调节 N、P、K 养分的积累和转运,提高养分的吸收利用效率。本试验条件下,稻草还田可替代化肥氮肥 (N) 29.5%、磷肥 (P₂O₅) 4.0% 和钾肥 (K₂O) 50.0%。综合考虑,稻草还田相比稻草烧灰还田而言是南方稻区土壤养分管理实现高效利用的有效途径之一。     

基于能值分析的贵州省2000—2010年耕地生态安全预警研究

土地生态安全作为生态安全问题研究的重要组成部分,己成为当前土地资源可持续利用研究的前沿课题。应用能值分析法,在对贵州省耕地生态系统能值投入产出动态分析的基础上,对耕地生态安全情况进行判定和分析。结果表明:（1）研究期间贵州省耕地生态安全情况逐渐恶化。由2000年的轻警状态恶化到2010年的中警状态,表明贵州省耕地生态环境问题不断突出。（2）贵州省耕地生态安全警度空间差异明显,呈现出东低西高的空间格局。这与东西部之间自然条件的差异和化肥、农药的使用量有关。     

史氏鲟人工催产技术及低温早繁对策

对史氏鲟繁殖生物学作了分析,其中最小的繁殖个体体重3．5kg,体长54cm,认为自然产卵群体当前呈趋小现象。人工催产采用17нα-羟基-20β双羟孕酮等诱导史氏鲟在低温下（8．5－13℃）产卵,获得产卵率100％和受精率92．3％的理想效果。     

Variability in growth rates of larval haddock in the northern North Sea

The large-scale distribution of haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) larvae in the northern North Sea was mapped in a grid survey carried out in late April 1996. A drifting buoy was deployed in the centre of one of the areas of concentration of larvae located off the east coast of the Shetland Isles, where intensive sampling was carried out for ≈ 10 days. Daily larval haddock growth variability, estimated from otolith microstructure analysis, was independent of the measured variability of the physical and biological environment of the larvae. The survey coincided with the onset of the spring plankton production bloom, and a likely explanation for the absence of environmental effects on larval growth was high food availability and larval feeding rates. Nevertheless, differences in growth were observed between cohorts, with larvae hatched later in the spring displaying higher growth at age than those hatched earlier. Particle-tracking modelling suggested that differences in temperature history between cohorts, on their own or compounded by a potential interaction between temperature and the development of plankton production, may explain the higher growth rate of the larvae hatched later in the season.     

基于标准样地的耕地质量预警机制初探——以广西为例

为探索如何更有效的将农用地分等标准样地成果应用于耕地质量监测,通过分析广西农用地分等标准样地成果在耕地质量预警中的适用性,提出基于静态标准样地成果和动态标准样地成果的耕地质量预警机制的建立方法,并以桂东北丘陵区为例进行探讨。结果表明,以标准样地成果为数据源建立的耕地质量预警机制,可以为耕地质量保护提供决策支持。